Liquid or Disordered Surfaces There is a lot of interest in the ordering and self-organization of organic materials at the air-water interface, other liquid surfaces, or disordered solid surfaces such as glass or oxide-covered Si wafer surfaces, which are traditional substrates for Langmuir layers and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Molecular layers, like oil on water, have always fascinated researchers and lay people as well.  The first systematic studies of such systems was made in ingeneous experiments by Agnes Pockels in the late 19th century, in a little lab she set up in her kitchen. Agnes Pockels built a trough, and learned how to prepare a clean water surface and, most of all, was able to measure the change of surface tension when a monolayer was spread on the water surface. This technique should become 20 years later known as a Langmuir trough, when Irving Langmuir repeated and refined these experiments and essentially explained the behavior of these Langmuir layers by describing them as layers of single molecules with hydrophilic heads (-COOH, -OH, ...) and hydrophobic tails (-(CH2)n-H with n>10.) At Agnes Pockels's time women were still banned from higher education and universities in Germany, and worst of all, it was impossible for them to publish scientific results. Eventually, Agnes Pockels wrote a letter in German about her experimental results to Lord Rayleigh in Britain, who was working on similar experiments at the time. Rayleigh was so impressed about her research, that he had a translation of her letter published in Nature [?].  History of Monolayers http://www.nima.co.uk/basics/faq2.htm http://ecel.snu.ac.kr/mem.htm http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Pockels,_Agnes@871234567.html
	Grazing-Incidence Powder Diffraction
	Texture Studies of Molecular Thin Films